Angiotensin Receptor-Neprilysin Inhibitor Therapy and Cardiac Remodeling in Heart Failure: Consensus Statement from India

Adverse cardiac remodeling refers to progressive structural and functional modifications in the heart because of increased wall stress in the myocardium, loss of viable myocardium, and neurohormonal stimulation. The guideline-directed medical therapy for Heart failure (HF) includes Angiotensin receptor-neprilysin inhibitor (ARNI) (sacubitril/valsartan), ?-blockers, sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors, and mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists (MRA). ARNI is under-prescribed in India despite its attractive safety and efficacy profile. Therefore, the consensus discusses objectives and topics related to ARNI in the management of cardiac remodeling, and experts shared their views on the early timely intervention of effective dosage of ARNI to improve the diagnosis and enhance mortality and morbidity benefits in cardiac reverse remodeling (CRR).

Role of Iron Therapy in Heart Failure: A Consensus Statement from India

Iron deficiency (ID) with or without anemia is frequently observed in patients with heart failure (HF). Uncorrected ID is associated with higher hospitalization and mortality in patients with acute HF (AHF) and chronic HF (CHF). Hence, in addition to chronic renal insufficiency, anemia, and diabetes, ID appears as a novel comorbidity and a treatment target of CHF. Intravenous (IV) ferric carboxymaltose (FCM) reduces the hospitalization risk due to HF worsening and improves functional capacity and quality of life (QOL) in HF patients. The current consensus document provides criteria, an expert opinion on the diagnosis of ID in HF, patient profiles for IV FCM, and correct administration and monitoring of such patients.

Epidemiologic studies targeting primary cardiovascular disease prevention in South Asia

South Asia has experienced a 73% increase in healthy life years lost due to ischemic heart disease between 1990 and 2010. There is a lack of quality data relating to cardiovascular risk factors and disease from this region. Several observational and prospective cohorts in South Asia have been established in recent times to evaluate the burden of cardiovascular disease and their risk factors. The Prospective Rural Urban Epidemiology (PURE) study is the largest of these studies that has provided data on social, environmental, behavioral and biologic risk factors that influence heart disease and diabetes. Some studies have also borrowed data from large datasets to provide meaningful insights. These studies have allowed a better understanding of cardiovascular disease risk factors indigenous to the South Asian population along with conventional risk factors. Culturally sensitive interventions geared towards treating risk factors identified in these studies are needed to fully realize the true potential of these epidemiologic studies.

Cardiac Magnetic Resonance-Verified Myocardial Fibrosis in Chagas Disease: Clinical Correlates and Risk Stratification / Fibrose Miocárdica Definida por Ressonância Magnética Cardíaca em Doença de Chagas: Correlações Clínicas e Estratificação de Risco

Abstract Background: Chagas disease (CD) is an important cause of heart failure and mortality, mainly in Latin America. This study evaluated the morphological and functional characteristics of the heart as well the extent of myocardial fibrosis (MF) in patients with CD by cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR). The prognostic value of MF evaluated by myocardial-delayed enhancement (MDE) was compared with that via Rassi score. Methods: This study assessed 39 patients divided into 2 groups: 28 asymptomatic patients as indeterminate form group (IND); and symptomatic patients as Chagas Heart Disease (CHD) group. All patients underwent CMR using the techniques of cine-MRI and MDE, and the amount of MF was compared with the Rassi score. Results: Regarding the morphological and functional analysis, significant differences were observed between both groups (p < 0.001). Furthermore, there was a strong correlation between the extent of MF and the Rassi score (r = 0.76). Conclusions: CMR is an important technique for evaluating patients with CD, stressing morphological and functional differences in all clinical presentations. The strong correlation with the Rassi score and the extent of MF detected by CMR emphasizes its role in the prognostic stratification of patients with CD.

Resumo Fundamento: A doença de Chagas (DC) é importante causa de insuficiência cardíaca e mortalidade, principalmente na América Latina. Este estudo avaliou as características morfológicas e funcionais do coração, assim como a extensão da fibrose miocárdica (FM) em pacientes com DC através de ressonância magnética cardíaca (RMC). O valor prognóstico da FM avaliada por realce tardio miocárdico (RTM) foi comparado àquele do escore de Rassi. Métodos: Avaliação de 39 pacientes divididos em 2 grupos: grupo 'forma indeterminada' (IND), 28 pacientes assintomáticos; e grupo 'cardiopatia chagásica' (CC), pacientes sintomáticos. Todos os pacientes foram submetidos a RMC com as técnicas de cine-RM e RTM, sendo a quantidade de FM evidenciada ao exame comparada ao escore de Rassi. Resultados: As análises morfológica e funcional mostraram significativas diferenças entre os 2 grupos (p < 0,001). Houve ainda uma forte correlação entre a extensão da FM e o escore de Rassi (r = 0,76). Conclusões: A RMC é uma importante técnica para avaliar pacientes com DC, ressaltando as diferenças morfológicas e funcionais em todas as apresentações clínicas. A forte correlação entre o escore de Rassi e a extensão da FM detectada por RMC enfatiza seu papel na estratificação prognóstica de pacientes com DC.

Associação entre a densidade radiológica da placa à tomografia de coronárias com 64 colunas de detectores e a composição da placa ao ultrassom intravascular com técnica de histologia virtual: resultados de uma comparação pareada prospectiva / Association between plaque radiological density by 64-slice multidetector computed tomography and plaque composition by intravascular ultrasound virtual histology: results from a prospective matched comparison

INTRODUÇÃO: Pouco se conhece sobre a comparação entre métodos de avaliação da placa aterosclerótica coronária, como a tomografia computadorizada com múltiplos detectores (TCMD) e o ultrassom intravascular com técnica de histologia virtual (HV). MÉTODO: Foram analisados prospectivamente os vasos coronários principais de 21 pacientes à TCMD e à HV. Cada vaso analisado foi dividido em subsegmentos de 4 mm (unidades básicas para a análise). Os subsegmentos foram pareados conforme sua localização axial. Os limites da luz e do vaso foram traçados à HV e à TCMD com o auxílio de programas específicos. A contribuição porcentual de cada componente da placa à HV e a razão necrose:cálcio foram quantificadas. A placa à TCMD foi avaliada por sua densidade radiológica em unidades Hounsfield (UH). RESULTADOS: Foram analisados 641 subsegmentos, obtidos de 70 vasos. A contribuição porcentual dos componentes à HV foi: fibroso = 64%; fibrolipídico = 20%; núcleo necrótico = 11%; cálcio denso = 5%; e razão necrose:cálcio = 5,1. A atenuação da placa à TCMD variou de 44 UH a 440 UH. Para a análise, as placas foram divididas em três grupos de tamanhos semelhantes, conforme a densidade da placa à TCMD (1º tercil: 44-128 UH, 2º tercil: 129-178 UH, e 3º tercil: 178-440 UH). Houve correlação inversa entre a razão necrose/cálcio à HV e densidade da placa à TCMD (1º tercil: 4,1, 2º tercil: 2,9, e 3º tercil: 2,3; P < 0,01) e relação direta entre o porcentual de cálcio denso à HV e a densidade da placa à TCMD (1º tercil: 1,5%, 2º tercil: 2,5%, e 3º tercil: 3,8%; P < 0,01). CONCLUSÃO: A densidade da placa aterosclerótica avaliada pela TCMD em tomógrafo de 64 colunas de detectores associa-se significativamente com a composição da placa à HV.

BACKGROUND: Little is known about the comparative results of coronary plaque assessment by multidetector computed tomography (MDCT) against the novel intravascular ultrasound virtual histology (IVUS-VH). METHOD: Threevessel IVUS-VH and MDCT were prospectively obtained from 21 patients. Each vessel was divided into 4-mm subsegments, which were used as the basic unit for analysis. The 4-mm subsegments were matched by their axial location. Lumen and outer vessel boundaries for IVUS-VH and for MDCT were traced by specific automatic softwares. The percent contribution of each IVUS-VH plaque tissue type and the ratio of necrotic tissue to calcium were quantified. The MDCT plaque was evaluated through its average density in Hounsfield units (HU). RESULTS: A total of 641 matched subsegments were computed from 70 vessels. Overall, the average IVUS-VH tissue composition was: fibrous = 64%; fibrofatty = 20%; necrotic tissue = 11%; dense calcium = 5%; and calcium/necrosis ratio = 5.1. MDCT average plaque attenuation ranged from 44 to 440 HU and was divided into three groups of similar size (1st tertile: 44-128 HU; 2nd tertile: 129-178 HU; 3rd tertile: 178-440 HU). There was an inverse correlation between IVUS-VH necrotic/ dense calcium ratio and MDCT plaque density (1st tertile: 4.1, 2nd tertile: 2.9, 3rd tertile: 2.3; P < 0.01) and a direct relationship between percent IVUS-VH dense calcium and MDCT plaque density (1st tertile: 1.5%, 2nd tertile: 2.5%, 3rd tertile: 3.8%; P < 0.01). CONCLUSION: Atherosclerotic plaque density evaluated by 64-MDCT significantly associates with plaque composition assessed by IVUS-VH.